GH-51634: [C++][CI] Apply a google-cloud-cpp patch for OpenSSL 4.x compatibility

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -3715,6 +3715,25 @@ function(build_google_cloud_cpp_storage)
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/google-cloud-cpp-reproducible-builds.patch)
   endif()
 
+  # google-cloud-cpp, which depends on OpenSSL,
+  # does not yet support OpenSSL 4.x.
+  #
+  # TODO: Once google-cloud-cpp supports OpenSSL 4.x,
+  # remove this workaround and google-cloud-cpp-openssl4-compatibility.patch.
+  # https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-cpp/issues/16510
+  if(PATCH)
+    if(GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP_PATCH_COMMAND)
+      list(APPEND GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP_PATCH_COMMAND COMMAND)
+    endif()
+
+    list(APPEND
+         GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP_PATCH_COMMAND
+         ${PATCH}
+         -p1
+         -i
+         ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/google-cloud-cpp-openssl4-compatibility.patch)
+  endif()
+
   fetchcontent_declare(google_cloud_cpp
                        ${FC_DECLARE_COMMON_OPTIONS}
                        PATCH_COMMAND ${GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP_PATCH_COMMAND}

cpp/cmake_modules/google-cloud-cpp-openssl4-compatibility.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+diff --git a/google/cloud/internal/openssl/parse_service_account_p12_file.cc b/google/cloud/internal/openssl/parse_service_account_p12_file.cc
+index bb0462dcf0..9dfb59750b 100644
+--- a/google/cloud/internal/openssl/parse_service_account_p12_file.cc
++++ b/google/cloud/internal/openssl/parse_service_account_p12_file.cc
+@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ StatusOr<ServiceAccountCredentialsInfo> ParseServiceAccountP12File(
+   }
+
+   // This is automatically deleted by `cert`.
+-  X509_NAME* name = X509_get_subject_name(cert.get());
++  auto* name = X509_get_subject_name(cert.get());
+
+   std::string service_account_id = [&name]() -> std::string {
+     auto openssl_free = [](void* addr) { OPENSSL_free(addr); };